1.a Study Fig.1which shows the HDI ranking as well as the development indicators of Australia and Nigeria.Based on Table 1, explain why Australia is more developed than Nigeria. [5]
• Australia’s GDP per capita is higher at US$ 30677 than Nigeria’s US$835.
• This shows that the average income of the citizen in Australia is much higher than Nigeria. With the higher income, the people have a higher purchasing power and can afford to ulfil their needs and attain a higher standard of living. Higher purchasing power—> able to afford more goods and serives.
• Australia has a higher literacy rate of 99% than Nigeria’s 14.4%.
• This indicates that Australia is more developed than Nigeria because the government in Australia can provide the people with education. With higher education citizens are more efficient and productive
• More likely to work in the secondary and tertiary industries the people can have better jobs and earn higher income
• Nigeria has a Human Development Index value of 0.281 while Australia has a HDI value of 0.955. The closer the index is to 1, the higher the level of development. It is a holistic assessment of development. From the table, it can be seen that Australia has a much higher HDI than Nigeria, indicating that it is more developed than Nigeria.
• Life expectancy refers to the average number of years a person is expected to live. A developed country usually has a higher life expectancy than a less developed country. Nigeria’s life expectancy is 44.4 years old while Australia’s life expectancy is 80.3 years old.
• higher life expectancy is an indication that people live in a clean environment, have better access to health care, have enough food to eat higher standard of living.
• Answers can also accept other national measures to improve social well being such as improving education, sanitation facilities and eradicate slum
• However answers should not include economic measures to improve industrialisation
• Details should be pertaining to India and China
Level 1 ( 0 – 3 marks)
One or two general statements about the measures taken, eg. The China government introduced the one child policy
No assessment of how effective measures are
No supported effectiveness or simple statements, eg. it worked, it helped the poor people to improve their standard of living
Level 2 ( 4 – 6 marks)
Max 4m for one sided perspective view
Description of at least 3 Measures
Answer may have depth over a very narrow area, or have little detail but may touch on many relevant points
Brief statements of effectiveness
Level 3 ( 7 - 8 marks)
Well explained Measures/ methods of addressing social needs of people with details pertaining to China and India
There should be a balance of measures to weigh the success and failures the measures
A clear indication of effectiveness
1.d. With reference to example (s), assess the effectiveness of strategies to alleviate uneven development on an international scale among developed and undeveloped countries (7)
Candidates may include the following material:
International strategies to alleviate uneven development
- international cooperation
- international organisation
- World Bank
- Asian Development Bank
- International agreements
- United Nations Millennium Development Goals
-United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
International organisations:
• The World Bank funds the Kecamatan Development Programme, which helps to reduce poverty in Sleepy Tirtomoyo, Indonesia
• Provided financial and technical support to villagers in Sleepy Tirtomoyo
• The financial aid enables the locals to dig wells to tap on underground water source and build pipelines so as to provide water supply to homes
• Kecamatan Development programme gives villagers the empowerment to utilise the funds on the basis of their needs and priorities thus reducing poverty
• The Asian Development Bank funds the Jamuna’s Multipurpurpose Bridge Project in Bangladesh that aims to improve the country’s transport infrastructure
• The bridge connects Bangladesh’s less developed northwestern region to its more developed eastern region
• Provided financial and technical support to construct the bridge that has roads, railway, gas pipelines and telecommunication lines
• Encourages economic growth in less developed northwestern region by increasing passenger and goods traffic
• Improved living conditions through improved infrastructure and removing existing traffic congestion
• Bridge connects agricultural areas of Dhaka and the port of Chittagong, making it easier for farmers to transport their produce to the markets for sale
International Agreements
• United Nations Millennium Development Goals target at reducing poverty by achieving greater development in the less developed countries such as in Vietnam
• Provides training for people living in poor communities to equip them with skills and knowledge to look for jobs
• They can afford basic necessities and improve their standard of living when they have a steady source of income
• Increase the access to basic social services for the poor
• Carry out educational campaigns to raise awareness of the dire situation of poverty in the country and exert pressure on the government to create more jobs and increase rural income
• Increase primary education for everyone in the world
• Increase enrollment in schools
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea helps to control the usage of resources in the seas and oceans
• Expensive and advanced equipment in the larger fishing boats from DCs enables them to spot fishes easily and compete with the poor fishermen from Peru
• Establish an Economic Exclusive Zone
• Ensure that the fishermen in the LDCs can have access to good fish stock despite not having high-tech fishing vessels
A full answer does not need to include all the above points
Level 1 ( 0 – 3 marks)
One or two statements about measures taken, eg. World Bank & Asian Development Bank gives financial assistance to LEDCs
No assessment of how effective measures are
No supported effectiveness or simple statements , eg. it worked, it helped the poor people to improve their standard of living
Level 2 ( 4 – 6 marks)
Measures need to be specific, eg. World Bank provides KDP with funds to improve sanitation & water supply; ; ADB provide Vietnam with financial and technical assistance in the urban areas
Limited indication of how well people cope/ how effective measures are. Eg. Their standard of living improves as there is now proper irrigation….
Answer may have depth over a very narrow area, or have little detail but may touch on many relevant points
Brief statements of effectiveness
Level 3 ( 7 - 8 marks)
Measures/ methods of alleviating uneven development needed with detail
There should be a balance of measures to weigh the success and failures of both International cooperation
Clear statements of how well these measures help people cope needed
A clear indication of effectiveness
International Cooperation may not be the one and only measure to alleviate uneven development; different countries have different sets of problems which can be solved through National Strategies such as population policy etc
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