Why? [2]
ii) With reference to Photo A and B, describe 2 ways to measure the
productivity in food production. [4]
b) Describe, with examples, how economic factors influence the productivity of land.
Photo C Each of 10 salmon cages at a farm near Vancouver is 100-feet square, 80-feet deep, and holds 100,000 baby fish.Source : discovermagazine.com/2002/sep/featblue
c) Fish farming like the one in Fig. 5 is increasingly popular. Explain how the
blue revolution has influenced the intensity of food production and helped
to solve the world’s food problem. [5]
Marguerite Holloway “Fish farming is rapidly becoming a bigger enterprise than beef ranching. Critics contend it is also destroying land along coasts and hastening the demise of wild fish.”
Evaluate the success of the Blue Revolution, using examples you have studied. [8]
Please attempt the questions before looking at the answer below.
a) i) Which photograph shows a higher productivity per unit of land area?
Why? [2]
Photo B shows a higher productivity
Less workers are needed because of the use of machines
ii) With reference to Phot A and B, describe 2 ways to measure the
productivity in food production. [4]
1. Productivity in food production is measured by the amount of food produced compared with the amount of resources used to produce the food.
2. The resources used are usually land and labour.
3.Productivity is measured in terms of labour per unit area. Here, the same amount of crops on a unit area of land is produced using less labour.
4.Output per unit area is another way to measure productivity. This refers to the amount of food produced on a unit area of land with a certain number of workers.
b) Describe, with examples, how economic factors influence the productivity of land. [6]
1.Demand
High demand encourage food producers to increase output & productivity so as to earn more money.
eg. Coffee drinking lifestyle of people around the world increase high demand for coffee beans and more coffee plantations as coffee producers increase their output & productivity
2.Capital = sum of money used to start or expand food production
money used to buy machinery, fertilisers, pesticides, seeds etc play a role in improving productivity
eg. Purchase & use of expensive equipment in fishing to detect schools of fish means that fishing becomes more productive as catch increases
eg. $ invested in R&D enables farmers to cope better with problems & raise productivity
c) Fish farming like the one in Fig. 5 is increasingly popular. Explain how the blue revolution has influenced the intensity of food production and help to solve the world’s food problem. [6]
1. fish farming = farmers rear fish in tanks, ponds and enclosed areas under special conditions that promote growth, instead of catching fish from the oceans.
2.Medicine and vaccines used to improve the health and nutrition of fish.
3.International organizations spent about S$ 400 million a year on fish farming projects
R&D : FAO helped to start the CIFA to conduct research on carp, catfish and prawns.
4.Scientists were able to increase fertility of fish, improve their growth rate and their resistance to diseases.
Eg. tilapia been developed to grow faster than the normal breed
5.Ensure a significant amount of fish available à stable supply of fish & food to many
c) “Fish farming is rapidly becoming a bigger enterprise than beef ranching. Critics contend it is also destroying land along coasts and hastening the demise of wild fish.” Marguerite Holloway
Evaluate the success of the Blue Revolution, using examples you have studied. [8]
1. provide fish for an ever-growing number of consumers & helps feed world’s growing population
2.food for 1 billion chronically malnourished people worldwide who need protein.
3.contribute greatly to both food security and wealth in developing regions
4.fish and other farmed species need far less food than other terrestrial species to produce the same amount of protein.
5.Help save rapidly disappearing wild fish as raising domestic species can reduce pressure on stocks in the wild, especially those that are over-fished or exploited
6.However, it is destroying land along coasts and causing water pollution
7.Excrement from shrimp and other cultivated species, including salmon, carp, tilapia, and catfish, can sully water adjacent to farms, driving away wild fish and other sea creatures.
8.Feaces rich in nitrogen trigger the growth of algae, which can clutter and then choke bodies of water—a process called eutrophication.
9.Farmed fish eat wild fish. Eg. each year roughly 66 billion pounds of these fish are used as feed, a growing percentage of which is going to aquaculture
10. Organic wastes from fish cages in public waters can have a significant effect on the surrounding water quality. Waste from fish farms can include: fecal matter and uneaten food, along with chemicals used in farming such as pesticides, herbicides, and antibiotics.
example: In New Brunswick, despite the fact that salmon farming sites occupy less than 0.01 percent of the coastal area in their region, scientists have found significant degradation of the water in the surrounding area
11. concerns that fish will escape from the fish farms and either breed with wild fish—affecting genetic diversity and decreasing their survivability—or else compete for food and spread diseases.
e.g. Over the past decade, nearly one million non-native Atlantic salmon have escaped from fish farms and established themselves in streams of the Pacific Northwest.
e.g Example, when the cages are crowded, uneaten feed, fish wastes and antibiotics are released from the cages. As a source of nutrient pollution, these wastes create high levels of nutrients that increase the growth of phytoplankton and algae.
12. The eventual degradation of algae drastically reduces the levels of oxygen in the water, which will kill fish or other organisms. Subsequently, wild fish suffer from poor water quality, the loss of bottom habitat, and the outbreaks of disease.
Level 1 (0-3m)
Simply describe one or various aspects of Blue revolution, without assessment of why the success of Blue revolution was debatable
Brief/ general statements on explanation –
‘Blue revolution increase yield’ or ‘increase use of chemicals’
- No place reference or examples
- No attempt at evaluation
Level 2 (4-6m)
Describe in detail and assess one or various aspects of Blue revolution, considering both advantages and disadvantages of the aspects of Blue revolution, but without reference to detailed examples.
Some detail required in explanation –‘Blue revolution increase yield’ i.e. candidate must be aware of a both positive and negative effects of
blue revolution.
Place reference given but little detail eg. in USA
Brief disagreement eg. but organic wastes from fish cages in public waters can have a significant effect on the surrounding water quality.
Level 3 (7-8m)
Suggestions have some detail (often linked to location chosen)
Place reference is fairly specific eg. In New Brunswick, despite the fact that salmon farming sites occupy less than 0.01 percent of the coastal area in their region, scientists have found significant degradation of the water in the surrounding area
Detailed /supported argument clear eg. but the seas are too big to police
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